Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study participants
| Total (n = 10,081) | Nonrelapsers (n = 3,670) | Low-frequency relapsers (n = 4,428) | High-frequency relapsers (n = 1,983) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex [n, (%)]a | 4,664 (46.3) | 1,663 (45.3) | 2,094 (47.3) | 907 (45.7) | 0.188 |
| Mean age [years, mean (SD)]b | 51.5 (13.5) | 49.1 (14.4) | 52.4 (12.8) | 54.1 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| Body weight [kg, mean (SD)]b | 64.1 (13.7) | 63.1 (13.7) | 64.4 (13.4) | 65.7 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index [mean (SD)]b | 24.2 (4.5) | 23.8 (4.5) | 24.3 (4.4) | 24.9 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Age of onset [years, mean (SD)]b | 27.3 (10.8) | 28.9 (12.5) | 26.8 (9.9) | 25.6 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| Duration of illness [years, mean (SD)]b | 24.2 (12.5) | 20.1 (12.4) | 25.6 (11.9) | 28.5 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| SOFAS 61–100 [n, (%)]a | 5,631 (55.8) | 2,205 (60.1) | 2,550 (57.6) | 876 (44.2) | <0.001 |
| Severity of psychiatric symptoms [mean (SD)]b | |||||
| Psychotic symptoms | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.4 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Disorganized thinking | 0.9 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.87) | 1.3 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Negative symptoms | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Excitement/mania | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Depression/anxiety | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Total antipsychotic dose [chlorpromazine equivalent, mg, mean (SD)]b | 513.0 (462.0) | 445.3 (413.7) | 525.7 (476.0) | 609.8 (494.3) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis [n, (%)]a | <0.001 | ||||
| Schizophrenia | 8,659 (85.9) | 3,154 (85.9) | 3,846 (86.9) | 1,659 (83.7) | |
| Schizotypal disorder | 134 (1.3) | 62 (1.7) | 46 (1.0) | 26 (1.3) | |
| Delusional disorders | 516 (5.1) | 258 (7.0) | 202 (4.6) | 56 (2.8) | |
| Acute and transient psychotic disorders | 89 (0.9) | 55 (1.5) | 26 (0.6) | 8 (0.4) | |
| Schizoaffective disorders | 641 (6.4) | 125 (3.4) | 288 (6.5) | 228 (11.5) | |
| Others | 24 (0.2) | 8 (0.2) | 11 (0.2) | 5 (0.3) | |
| Employment [n, (%)]a | 4,800 (47.6) | 1,755 (47.8) | 2,171 (49.0) | 874 (44.1) | <0.001 |
| Public assistance [n, (%)]a | 8,658 (85.9) | 2,935 (80.0) | 3,906 (88.2) | 1,817 (91.6) | <0.001 |
| No independent living [n, (%)]a | 7,194 (71.3) | 2,783 (75.8) | 3,089 (69.8) | 1,322 (66.7) | <0.001 |
| Married [n, (%)]a | 3,519 (34.9) | 1,221 (33.3) | 1,543 (34.8) | 755 (39.2) | 0.001 |
| Psychotropic agents [n, (%)]a | |||||
| Long-acting injectable antipsychotics | 1,209 (12.0) | 279 (7.6) | 585 (13.2) | 345 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| Monotherapy with antipsychotics | 6,059 (60.1) | 2,354 (64.1) | 2,649 (59.8) | 1,056 (53.3) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants | 1,597 (15.8) | 595 (16.2) | 701 (15.8) | 301 (15.2) | 0.597 |
| Anxiolytics/hypnotics | 6,384 (63.3) | 2,190 (59.7) | 2,830 (63.9) | 1,364 (68.8) | <0.001 |
| Mood stabilizers | 1,447 (14.4) | 345 (9.4) | 669 (15.1) | 433 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Antiparkinson agent | 2,820 (28.0) | 940 (25.6) | 1,290 (29.1) | 590 (29.8) | <0.001 |
| Adverse events and physical illnesses [n, (%)]a | |||||
| Sedation | 1,799 (17.8) | 505 (13.8) | 828 (18.7) | 466 (23.5) | <0.001 |
| Constipation | 1,967 (19.5) | 510 (13.9) | 949 (21.4) | 508 (25.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 795 (7.9) | 217 (5.9) | 360 (8.1) | 218 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Akathisia | 905 (9.0) | 296 (8.1) | 406 (9.2) | 203 (10.2) | 0.018 |
| Parkinsonism | 1,403 (13.9) | 383 (10.4) | 677 (15.3) | 343 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Tardive dyskinesia | 373 (3.7) | 99 (2.7) | 166 (3.7) | 108 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Education higher than high school graduate [n, (%)]a | 4,562 (45.2) | 1,604 (43.7) | 2,032 (45.9) | 926 (46.7) | 0.076 |
| Regular clinic visits and medication [n, (%)]a | 7,800 (77.4) | 3,070 (83.7) | 3,387 (76.5) | 1,343 (68.1) | <0.001 |
| No period of psychiatric instability in the past year [n, (%)]a | 4,328 (42.9) | 1,867 (50.9) | 1,865 (42.1) | 596 (30.2) | <0.001 |
| No psychiatric hospitalizations in the past year [n, (%)]a | 9,661 (95.8) | 3,592 (97.9) | 4,252 (96.0) | 1,817 (92.0) | <0.001 |
a
Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test.
b
Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test.
CGI-S, clinical global impression-severity; SD, standard deviation; SOFAS, social and occupational functioning assessment scale.