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. 2026 Apr 25;114(6):1135–1139. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.25-0342

Figure 2.

A line graph of percent mortality in wild local vectors showing the mortality due to different types of pyrethroids before and after the addition of PBO.

Mortality of wild local vectors when exposed in standard WHO susceptibility assays to a pyrethroid-impregnated paper or exposed to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) followed by a pyrethroid. Control experiments were conducted with plain paper with or without preexposure to PBO paper and show that there is no direct mortality effect of the PBO. The black squares show mortality after exposure to used nets (permethrin-impregnated with and without PBO) in the cone assay for comparison. Points represent mean mortality rates and error bars show the standard error.