Table 2.

Diabetes-related complications, all-cause mortality and healthcare costs during follow-up, by latent class

Variable	Overall	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4	p value
Diabetes-related complications and all-cause mortality, n (%)
N	2886	529 (18.3)	612 (21.2)	979 (33.9)	766 (26.5)
Severe hypoglycaemia	374 (13.0)	107 (20.2)	42 (6.9)	125 (12.8)	100 (13.1)	<0.001
CVD	594 (20.6)	121 (22.9)	122 (19.9)	170 (17.4)	181 (23.6)	0.006
CVD prior to CKD onset	243 (8.4)	51 (9.6)	54 (8.8)	73 (7.5)	65 (8.5)	0.506
CVD after CKD onset	351 (12.2)	70 (13.2)	68 (11.1)	97 (9.9)	116 (15.1)	0.007
Cancer	341 (11.8)	60 (11.3)	65 (10.6)	127 (13.0)	89 (11.6)	0.525
ESKD	172 (6.0)	61 (11.5)	5 (0.8)	60 (6.1)	46 (6.0)	<0.001
Death	470 (16.3)	99 (18.7)	105 (17.2)	155 (15.8)	111 (14.5)	0.205
PPPY healthcare costs, US$, mean (SD)
N	24,819	4269	5193	8903	6454
Total healthcare costs	4395 (11,947)	6087 (15,519)	3822 (9816)	4260 (11,725)	3923 (10,957)	<0.001
Cost before CKD onset	834 (5898)	956 (7077)	810 (5388)	970 (6840)	587 (3218)	<0.001
Costs of CKD onset and after onset	3561 (14,498)	5131 (18,317)	3012 (11,767)	3291 (14,314)	3336 (13,494)	<0.001
OPD costs	1086 (1492)	1396 (1789)	933 (1175)	1077 (1588)	1017 (1332)	<0.001
Acute care costs	2157 (6790)	3025 (8586)	1894 (5839)	2123 (7210)	1842 (5362)	<0.001
HDU costs	83 (1576)	127 (1413)	59 (709)	54 (1000)	112 (2538)	0.022
ICU costs	163 (2734)	289 (3648)	90 (1558)	117 (1996)	202 (3532)	0.001
Rehabilitation and infirmary costs	789 (5399)	1126 (8129)	775 (4318)	728 (5085)	661 (4197)	<0.001
Psychiatric costs	47 (1301)	38 (886)	8 (241)	92 (1993)	22 (674)	<0.001
A&E costs	58 (154)	73 (171)	56 (148)	52 (150)	56 (150)	<0.001

A&E, accident and emergency; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HDU, high-dependency unit; ICU, intensive care unit; OPD, outpatient department; SD, standard deviation