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. 2026 May 22;13:1801802. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1801802

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Ku, Jia, Wang, Zhou and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart comparing risk priority numbers (RPN) for six infection control interventions using occurrence (red), severity (orange), and detection (blue) scores, each labeled from four to five on a one to five scale. — O-S-D three-dimensional score comparison high-risk items (RPN ≥ 80) with total RPN display.