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. 2026 May 22;13:1801802. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1801802

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Ku, Jia, Wang, Zhou and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Horizontal bar chart comparing RPN values before and after intervention across six infection prevention measures, with red bars for pre-intervention and green bars for post-intervention. The chart shows substantial RPN reduction percentages for each measure, including 64% reduction for MDRO enhanced disinfection, 75% for environmental cleaning evaluation, 40% for MDRO multi-department coordination, 60% for visitor gown compliance, 25% for VAP/CRBSI/CAUTI prevention, and 52% for hand hygiene compliance. A summary box indicates overall RPN reduction of 51.9% with mean values declining from 94.2 to 45.3. Legend is located at the bottom right. — High-risk failure modes-RPN comparison pre vs. post intervention with reduction rate.