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. 2026 Jun 3;16(6):e110730. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-110730

Table 1. Attributable morbidity to HAP in Moroccan patients with COPD in 2019.

Morbidity
Men Women
RR (95% CI)8 1.70
(1.47 to 1.97)
1.70
(1.47 to 1.97)
Proportion of the Moroccan population exposed to HAP
(95% CI)
24.0%
(19.5% to 28.5%)
48.3%
(43.5% to 53.1%)
PAF
(95% CI)
14.4%
(8.4% to 21.6%)
25.3%
(17.0% to 34.0%)
Prevalence of disease According to the modelling analysis22 14.4% 6.2%
According to the BOLD I study14 16.6% 8.3%
Moroccan population21 18 280 000 18 020 000
Number of cases
(Prevalence of disease × Moroccan population)
According to the modelling analysis22 2 632 320 1 117 240
According to the BOLD I study14 3 034 480 1 495 660
HAP-related cases
(95% CI)
(Number of cases × PAF)
According to the modelling analysis22 379 055
(221 115 to 568 582)
282 662
(189 931 to 379 862)
661 717*
(411 046 to 948 444)
According to the BOLD I study14 436 966
(254 897 to 655 448)
378 402
(254 263 to 508 525)
815 368*
(509 160 to 1 163 973)
*

Total of HAP-related cases (95% CI).

BOLD, Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HAP, household air pollution; PAF, population attributable fraction; RR, relative risk.