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. 2026 Jun 3;16(6):e110730. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-110730

Table 4. Annual direct medical cost of COPD and lung cancer attributable to HAP in Morocco in 2019.

COPD Lung cancer
According to the BOLD I study According to the modelling analysis  
HAP-related cases
(95% CI)
815 368
(509 160 to 1 163 973)
661 717
(411 046 to 948 444)
1356
(775 to 2041)
Direct medical cost per person per year (US$) 791.7
27
4455.3
26
Annual direct medical cost attributable to HAP (US$)
HAP-related cases(95% CI) × direct medical cost per person per year
645 526 845.6
(403 101 972.0 to 921 517 424.1)
523 881 348.9
(325 425 118.2 to 750 883 114.8)
6 041 386.8
(3 452 857.5 to 9 093 267.3)
Total annual direct medical cost attributable to HAP ($)
HAP attributable cost of COPD (95% CI) + HAP attributable cost of lung cancer (95% CI)
According to the BOLD I study 651 568 232.4
(406 554 829.5 to 930 610 691.4)
According to the modelling analysis 529 922 735.7
(328 877 975.7 to 759 976 382.1)

BOLD, Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HAP, household air pollution; PAF, population attributable fraction.