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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2026 Apr 20;211:110270. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110270

Figure 2. Dose-dependent influence of prenatal exposure to PM on offspring.

Figure 2.

(A–D) Body weight (A), tail length (B), food intake (C), and water consumption (D) of male and female offspring.

(E) Representative images of 20-week-old female offspring and organs from male and female offspring.

Prenatal exposure to 400 μg/kg PM reduced body weight, tail length, and organ weights (brain, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen) in both sexes compared with the Veh group. Food and water intake remained normal with 400 μg/kg PM exposure. All developmental assessments were normal with 200 μg/kg PM exposure.

(F) Assessment of breathing patterns in offspring using plethysmography. Changes in tidal volume, breathing frequency, minute ventilation, sRAW, and peak inspiratory and expiratory flow were observed at the 400 μg/kg PM dose. No significant changes were noted at 200 μg/kg. For panel F, one male and one female offspring were analyzed per litter: Veh (n = 10, total 10 male and 10 female offspring), PM 200 μg/kg (n = 10, total 10 male and 10 female offspring), PM 400 μg/kg (n = 10, total 10 male and 10 female offspring).

Numbers indicate independent litters used. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (E and F) and two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (A to D).