Table 5.
Histopathological changes among different Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice groups, treated with praziquantel and dapagliflozin as mono- or combined therapy.
| Histopathological changes | Score | Mice groups a | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infected non-treated (n = 6) *** | DMSO (n = 5) *** | PZQ (n = 6) | DAPA (n = 5) *, *** | DAPA + PZQ (n = 6) *, **, *** | |||
| Lobular inflammation | None | – | – | – | – | – | P = 0.001 |
| Mild | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Moderate | 2 (33.33%) | 4 (80%) | 5 (83.33%) | ||||
| Marked | 6 (100%) | 5 (100%) | 4 (66.67%) | 1 (20%) | 1 (16.67%) | ||
| Focal necrosis | None | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Minimal | – | – | – | - | – | ||
| Mild | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Moderate | – | – | 2 (33.33%) | 4 (80%) | 5 (83.33%) | ||
| Marked | 6 (100%) | 5 (100%) | 4 (66.67%) | 1 (20%) | 1 (16.67%) | ||
| Portal tract inflammation and expansion | None | – | – | – | – | – | P ≤ 0.001 |
| Mild | – | – | 1 (16.67%) | – | – | ||
| Moderate | – | – | 1 (16.67%) | 5 (100%) | 5 (83.33%) | ||
| Marked | 6 (100%) | 5 (100%) | 4 (66.66%) | – | 1 (16.67%) | ||
| Hydropic degeneration | None | 6 (100%) | 5 (100%) | – | 5 (100%) | 6 (100%) | P ≤ 0.001 |
| Minimal | – | – | 1 (16.67%) | – | – | ||
| Mild | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Moderate | – | – | 2 (33.33%) | – | – | ||
| Marked | – | – | 3 (50%) | – | – | ||
| Inflammatory cellular infiltrate | Minimal | – | – | – | – | – | P = 0.003 |
| Mild | – | – | – | – | 2 (33.33%) | ||
| Moderate | – | – | 2 (33.33%) | 4 (80%) | 3 (50%) | ||
| Marked | 6 (100%) | 5 (100%) | 4 (66.67%) | 1 (20%) | 1 (16.67%) | ||
a Monte Carlo test. Data are expressed as number and percent
DAPA: dapagliflozin; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; PZQ: praziquantel
* Significant difference against infected non-treated, and DMSO-treated groups at P˂ 0.05 (lobular inflammation, focal necrosis, portal tract inflammation and expansion, inflammatory cellular infiltrate)
** Significant difference against PZQ-treated group at P˂ 0.01 (inflammatory cellular infiltrate)
*** Significant difference against PZQ-treated group at P˂ 0.01 (hydropic degeneration)