Table 2.

Comparison of total and subscale scores among coaches working with athletes with disability versus athletes without disability (n = 312)

Outcome	Total sample Mean ± SD	No disability (Mean ± SD) (n = 158)	Disability (Mean ± SD) (n = 154)	Cohen’s d	p-value	MD, 95% CI
Psychological well-being (total)	42.54 ± 10.35	41.85 ± 10.07	43.26 ± 10.61	0.14	0.229	−1.41, − 3.71 to 0.89
Coach self-efficacy: Performance competence	14.90 ± 3.75	14.45 ± 3.75	15.36 ± 3.71	0.24	0.032†	−0.91, − 1.74 to − 0.08
Coach self-efficacy: Psychological competence	15.37 ± 4.11	14.74 ± 4.19	16.01 ± 3.93	0.31	0.006†	−1.27, − 2.17 to − 0.36
Coach self-efficacy: Teaching competence	19.03 ± 4.75	18.36 ± 4.87	19.72 ± 4.53	0.29	0.011†	−1.36, − 2.41 to − 0.31
Coach self-efficacy: Character-building	16.36 ± 3.53	15.92 ± 3.42	16.81 ± 3.60	0.25	0.027†	−0.88, − 1.66 to − 0.10
Coach self-efficacy: Management competence	15.93 ± 3.60	15.45 ± 3.65	16.43 ± 3.49	0.27	0.016†	−0.98, − 1.78 to − 0.18
Coach self-efficacy (total)	81.59 ± 18.34	78.92 ± 18.21	84.32 ± 18.13	0.30	0.009†	−5.39, − 9.44 to − 1.35

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Group comparisons were performed using independent-samples t tests (two-tailed). Levene’s test indicated no evidence of variance inequality across outcomes (all p > 0.05), therefore the “equal variances assumed” results are reported

CI Confidence interval, M mean, n number of participants, p probability value, SD Standard deviation, MD Mean differences

^†Statistically significant. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d based on pooled standard deviation. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d based on pooled standard deviation. Values of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 were interpreted as small, medium, and large effects, respectively