Table 2.
Methodological Quality Assessment Using MMAT (2018 Version).
| First author (year) | Study design | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thompson-Hodgetts et al. (2024) (28) | MM | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Watanabe (2024) (20) | QUAL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Watanabe (2023) (32) | QUAL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Watanabe (2022) (19) | QUAL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Watanabe (2022) (33) | QUAL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sakamoto et al. (2022) (24) | QUAN-NR | Can’t tell | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Sakamoto et al. (2022) (25) | QUAN-NR | Can’t tell | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Otomo et al. (2022) (31) | QUAL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wenzel et al. (2020) (29) | QUAN-NR | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Higuchi et al. (2019) (30) | QUAN-NR | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Okuta and Ono (2019) (34) | QUAN-DES | Yes | No | Can’t tell | No | Can’t tell |
| Takeuchi et al. (2018) (22) | QUAN-DES | Can’t tell | No | Can’t tell | No | Can’t tell |
| Otomo et al. (2017) (27) | MM | Can’t tell | Yes | Yes | No | Can’t tell |
| Higuci et al. (2017) (26) | QUAN-DES | Can’t tell | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Townsend et al. (2017) (35) | QUAL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Onohara et al. (2014) (23) | QUAN-DES | Can’t tell | No | No | No | Can’t tell |
| Narita et al. (2013) (21) | QUAL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kiya (2001) (36) | QUAN-DES | Can’t tell | No | Can’t tell | No | Can’t tell |
This table summarizes the methodological quality assessment of the included studies, presenting study design classifications and ratings for the five MMAT criteria (Q1-Q5). Assessment outcomes are indicated as Yes, No, or Can’t tell. The full wording of each MMAT criterion (Q1-Q5) is provided in the Supplementary Material. ‘Can’t tell’ ratings primarily reflect insufficient reporting of methodological details in the original publications rather than fundamental design flaws.
MMAT, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool
MM: mixed-methods; Q1-Q5: MMAT methodological quality criteria; QUAL: qualitative; QUAN-DES: quantitative descriptive; QUAN-NR: non-randomized quantitative.