Table 2.
General characteristics of infants according to dietary supplement administration.
| Characteristics | 0-<2 mo | 2-<6 mo | 6-<12 mo | 12-<24 mo | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supplement administered (n = 95) | Non administered (n = 42) | p valuea | Supplement administered (n = 112) | Non administered (n = 20) | p value | Supplement administered (n = 110) | Non administered (n = 17) | p value | Supplement administered (n = 93) | Non administered (n = 14) | p value | |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.2 (3.0–3.5) | 3.3 (3.0–3.4) | 0.994 | 3.2 (3.0–3.5) | 3.3 (3.0–3.4) | 0.936 | 3.2 (3.0–3.5) | 3.3 (3.0–3.4) | 0.781 | 3.3 (3.0–3.5) | 3.2 (3.0–3.4) | 0.535 |
| Sex | 0.059 | 1.000 | 0.605 | 0.394 | ||||||||
| Male | 50 (52.6) | 30 (71.4) | 66 (58.9) | 12 (60.0) | 66 (60.0) | 9 (52.9) | 58 (62.4) | 7 (50.0) | ||||
| Female | 45 (47.4) | 12 (28.6) | 46 (41.1) | 8 (40.0) | 44 (40.0) | 8 (47.1) | 35 (37.6) | 7 (50.0) | ||||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.2 (38.3–40.0) | 39.4 (38.4–40.2) | 0.442 | 39.2 (38.3–40.1) | 39.6 (38.4–40.1) | 0.570 | 39.2 (38.3–40.0) | 39.6 (38.3–40.2) | 0.990 | 39.3 (38.4–40.0) | 39.5 (38.0–40.0) | 0.996 |
| Premature infant (<37 weeks) | 1.000 | 0.594 | 0.183 | 0.434 | ||||||||
| Yes | 7 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.6) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (3.2) | 1 (7.1) | ||||
| No | 88 (92.6) | 42 (100.0) | 105 (93.8) | 20 (100.0) | 106 (96.5) | 15 (88.2) | 90 (96.8) | 13 (92.9) | ||||
| Birth mode | 0.132 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.039 | ||||||||
| Vaginal delivery | 51 (54.3) | 29 (69.1) | 59 (52.7) | 18 (90.0) | 57 (51.8) | 16 (94.1) | 50 (53.8) | 12 (85.7) | ||||
| Cesarean section | 43 (45.7) | 13 (31.0) | 53 (47.3) | 2 (10.0) | 53 (48.2) | 1 (5.9) | 43 (46.2) | 2 (14.3) | ||||
| Introduction of complementary food | 0.156 | 0.193 | 0.472 | 0.747 | ||||||||
| ≥4 mon | 17 (18.3) | 14 (34.2) | 23 (20.5) | 8 (40.0) | 23 (21.1) | 6 (35.3) | 22 (24.2) | 3 (21.4) | ||||
| ≥5 mon | 55 (59.1) | 20 (48.8) | 65 (58.0) | 9 (45.0) | 61 (56.0) | 8 (47.1) | 47 (51.7) | 9 (64.3) | ||||
| ≥6 mon | 21 (22.6) | 7 (17.1) | 24 (21.4) | 3 (15.0) | 25 (22.9) | 3 (17.7) | 22 (24.2) | 2 (14.3) | ||||
| Maternal smoking | 0.226 | 0.694 | 1.000 | 0.593 | ||||||||
| Yes | 12 (12.6) | 2 (4.8) | 13 (11.6) | 1 (5.0) | 11 (10.0) | 1 (5.9) | 8 (8.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| No | 83 (87.4) | 40 (95.2) | 99 (88.4) | 19 (95.0) | 99 (90.0) | 16 (94.1) | 85 (91.4) | 14 (100) | ||||
| Atopic dermatitis at 2mon | 0.701 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||||
| Yes | 5 (5.3) | 3 (7.1) | 6 (5.4) | 1 (5.0) | 6 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| No | 90 (94.7) | 39 (92.9) | 106 (94.6) | 19 (95.0) | 104 (94.6) | 17 (100) | 88 (94.6) | 5 (100) | ||||
| Atopic dermatitis at 6mon | 0.613 | 0.745 | 0.307 | 0.119 | ||||||||
| Yes | 14 (14.9) | 8 (19.5) | 18 (16.1) | 4 (20.0) | 19 (17.3) | 1 (5.9) | 17 (18.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| No | 80 (85.1) | 33 (80.5) | 94 (83.9) | 16 (80.0) | 91 (82.7) | 16 (94.1) | 75 (81.5) | 14 (100) | ||||
| Atopic dermatitis at 12mon | 0.235 | 0.364 | 0.521 | 0.039 | ||||||||
| Yes | 15 (17.1) | 11 (27.5) | 20 (18.9) | 6 (30.0) | 23 (21.1) | 2 (11.8) | 22 (23.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| No | 73 (83.0) | 29 (72.5) | 86 (81.1) | 14 (70.0) | 86 (78.9) | 15 (88.2) | 70 (76.1) | 14 (100) | ||||
| Food allergy at 12mon | 0.742 | 0.686 | 0.643 | 0.353 | ||||||||
| Yes | 7 (8.0) | 4 (9.8) | 9 (8.5) | 2 (10.0) | 9 (8.26) | 2 (11.8) | 10 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| No | 81 (92.1) | 37 (90.2) | 97 (91.5) | 18 (90.0) | 100 (91.7) | 15 (88.2) | 83 (89.3) | 14 (100) | ||||
Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range).
a
P-values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test due to the small sample sizes in certain subgroups.