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. 2026 May 26;14:1809153. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1809153

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

Variable Overall (N = 1769) High-risk (n = 828) Non-high-risk (n = 941) p value
Demographics
Sex, n (%) 0.681
Male 778 (44.0) 360 (43.5) 418 (44.4)
Female 991 (56.0) 468 (56.5) 523 (55.6)
Age, years, median (IQR) 52 (41–63) 54 (42–65) 51 (40–61) 0.017
Age group, n (%) <0.001
18–44 years 520 (29.4) 180 (21.7) 340 (36.1)
45–59 years 665 (37.6) 320 (38.6) 345 (36.7)
≥60 years 584 (33.0) 328 (39.6) 256 (27.2)
Education level, n (%) 0.002
≤ Middle school 352 (19.9) 190 (22.9) 162 (17.2)
High school / technical school 207 (11.7) 92 (11.1) 115 (12.2)
College / bachelor’s or above 1,168 (66.0) 546 (65.9) 622 (66.1)
Health status and knowledge
Awareness of CKD, n (%) 1,575 (89.0) 755 (91.2) 820 (87.1) <0.001
Core knowledge mastery, n (%) 855 (48.3) 420 (50.7) 435 (46.2) 0.032
Screening behavioral, n (%) 410 (49.5) 411 (43.7) <0.001

Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). The high-risk group was defined as participants with a self-reported history of hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease (CKD).