Table 2.

Comparative manifestation of social capital by case.

Type of social capital	Salgar (Antioquia)	Mocoa (Putumayo)	La primavera (Antioquia -Barbosa)
Bonding social capital	Dense networks of kinship and neighborhood that facilitated immediate solidarity, but amplified emotional pain from multiple losses. Weakened after resettlement due to loss of “neighborhood culture.”	Very strong in neighbourhoods with cultural and indigenous identities, manifested in “mingas” (collective work parties) to restore services and community censuses in response to state failures. Key for social fabric recovery.	High cohesion among families affected by forced displacement. Manifested in constant mutual support for basic needs and artisanal house reconstruction in the absence of state intervention.
Bridging social capital	Spontaneous exchange of resources with unaffected neighborhoods and connections with relatives or companies in other regions to channel humanitarian aid.	Heterogeneous networks integrating local actors with universities and NGOs for environmental activism and legal defense of territory against large-scale mining.	NGO support (Corporación Región) and private companies that helped generate collective awareness of risk and technical studies of the area.
Linking social capital	Highly robust and effective. Fluid coordination between State and private sector enabled rapid housing reconstruction (309 units in 22 months) and high institutional satisfaction.	Weak and conflictive. Marked by distrust due to failure in housing delivery (only 300 of 1,200 units completed), perceived corruption, and centralized reconstruction.	Focused on anticipatory resilience. Seeking state support for preventive resettlement projects, although these often remain “on paper” due to lack of political will or funding.

Source: author’s own elaboration.