Table 2.

Summary of available pharmacological inhibitors of tubulin code “writers” and “readers” relevant for paclitaxel sensitivity

Enzyme class	Target	Compound name	Selectivity Profile	Clinical/Development Status	Refs
Deacetylase	Class I/II HDACs	Vorinostat (SAHA)	Pan‑HDAC inhibitor	FDA-approved; multi-trial clinical use	[265–267] [271]
Deacetylase	Class I/II HDACs	Trichostatin A (TSA)	Pan- HDAC inhibitor	Preclinical tool; narrow therapeutic index	[315, 316]
Deacetylase	Class I/II HDACs	Valproic acid (VPA)	Pan- HDAC inhibitor	Approved drug; repurposed for oncology	[269, 270]
Deacetylase	HDAC6	Tubacin	First‑generation selective HDAC6 inhibitor	Preclinical research tool	[273, 274]
Deacetylase	HDAC6	Tubastatin A	Optimized hydroxamate; selective HDAC6 inhibitor	Preclinical research tool	[275–278]
Deacetylase	HDAC6	Ricolinostat (ACY‑1215)	Selective HDAC6 inhibitor	Phase I/II and Phase II clinical trials	[279–283]
Deacetylase	HDAC6	Citarinostat (ACY‑241)	Selective HDAC6 inhibitor	Phase Ib/early Phase II clinical trials	[251, 284, 286]
Deacetylase	HDAC6	T‑3,796,106	Selective non‑hydroxamic HDAC6 inhibitor	Preclinical research tool	[287]
Deacetylase	HDAC6	T‑3,793,168	Selective non‑hydroxamic HDAC6 inhibitor	Preclinical research tool	[287]
Deacetylase	SIRT2	SirReal2	Selective SIRT2 inhibitor	Preclinical research tool	[288]
Deacetylase	SIRT2/HDAC6	Mz‑325	First‑in‑class dual Sirt2/HDAC6 inhibitor	Preclinical research tool	[289]
Deacetylase‑related	αTAT1/MT lattice	2,4‑ disubstituted thiazoles	Non-selective; tubulin‑lattice binding	Preclinical/experimental	[290]
Carboxypeptidase	VASH1/2‑SVBP	Parthenolide	Non‑selective; covalent tubulin ligand	Preclinical tool	[291–296, 317]
Carboxypeptidase	VASH1/2‑SVBP	EpoY	Selective VASH inhibitor	Preclinical	[52, 205, 295, 297, 298]
Carboxypeptidase	VASH1/2‑SVBP	LV43, LV80, LV87	Optimized EpoY‑type analogs	Preclinical lead-optimization	[205, 299]
Ligase	TTL	Salvia dominica sesterterpenes	Experimental TTL inhibitors	Preclinical/experimental	[300]
Glutamylase	TTLL family	Phosphinic acid‑ based pseudo‑ dipeptides	TTLL7- focused inhibitor	Preclinical biochemical tool	[301]
Glutamylase	TTLL family	LDC10	Novel Pan-TTLL inhibitor	Preclinical lead‑optimization	[302]
Deglutamylase	CCP1	2-PMPA	First-in-class CCP inhibitor	Preclinical research tool	[303]