Table 1.
Sample characteristics and childhood maltreatment scores in N = 634 community adolescents
| CM– | CM+ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | mean (SD) | N | mean (SD) | p-values | |
| Total | 529 | – | 105 | – | – |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 300 | – | 64 | – | ns |
| Male | 229 | – | 41 | – | ns |
| Age | |||||
| Baseline | 529 | 14.41 (0.41) | 105 | 14.43 (0.40) | ns |
| Follow-up | 529 | 19.02 (0.73) | 105 | 19.14 (0.80) | ns |
| Puberty measures | |||||
| PDS score age 14 | 529 | 2.94 (0.57) | 105 | 2.96 (0.56) | ns |
| CTQ scores | 529 | 105 | |||
| EA | – | 5.85 (1.03) | 62† | 11.27 (4.48) | <0.0001* |
| EN | – | 6.38 (1.38) | 37† | 12.35 (4.35) | <0.0001* |
| PA | – | 5.07 (0.31) | 31† | 6.92 (2.90) | <0.0001* |
| PN | – | 5.21 (0.50) | 50† | 8.06 (2.60) | <0.0001* |
| SA | – | 5 (0.00) | 30† | 7.07 (4.11) | <0.0001* |
| Total score | 27.51 (2.20) | 45.67 (11.12) | <0.0001* | ||
| DAWBA | |||||
| Depression 14 years-old | 5 | – | 4 | – | 0.0234* |
| Depression 18 years-old | 9 | – | 7 | – | 0.0029* |
| PTSD 14 years-old | 0 | – | 1 | – | ns |
| PTSD 18 years-old | 1 | – | 6 | – | <0.0001* |
| SDQ at age 14 | 529 | 104 | |||
| Emotional symptoms | – | 2.52 (1.99) | – | 2.97 (2.54) | 0.0458* |
| Conduct problems | – | 1.70 (1.32) | – | 2.20 (1.50) | 0.0010* |
| Hyperactivity/inattention | – | 3.72 (2.13) | – | 4.37 (2.07) | 0.0021* |
| Peer relationship problems | – | 1.60 (1.48) | – | 2.23 (1.92) | 0.0010* |
| Total difficulties score | – | 9.55 (4.40) | – | 11.77 (5.20) | <0.0001* |
| Prosocial behaviour | – | 7.88 (1.61) | – | 7.65 (1.56) | ns |
| SDQ at age 18 | 523 | 104 | |||
| Emotional symptoms | – | 2.56 (2.16) | – | 3.39 (2,51) | 0.0010* |
| Conduct problems | – | 1.49 (1.07) | – | 2.16 (1,28) | <0.0001* |
| Hyperactivity/inattention | – | 3.16 (2.03) | – | 3.61 (2,11) | 0.0250* |
| Peer relationship problems | – | 1.54 (1.29) | – | 2.20 (1,53) | <0.0001* |
| Total difficulties score | – | 8.75 (4.38) | – | 11.36 (5.26) | <0.0001* |
| Prosocial behaviour | – | 8.65 (1.44) | – | 8.45 (1.42) | ns |
| Brain volume | |||||
| TIV age 14 | 529 | 1473.20 (124.92) | 105 | 1440.34 (108.10) | 0.006* |
| TIV age 18 | 529 | 1484.25 (137.29) | 105 | 1450.72 (120.38) | 0.012* |
Note: *significant results (p < 0.05); †number of participants scoring above the threshold to consider CM. Group differences were tested using T-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: CM- = no childhood maltreatment, CM+ = presence of childhood maltreatment, CTQ = childhood trauma questionnaire; EA = emotional abuse, EN = emotional neglect, PA = physical abuse, PN = physical neglect, SA = sexual abuse; DAWBA = Development and Well-Being Assessment; PDS = Puberty Development Scale; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; TIV = total intracranial volume.