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. 2026 Feb 18;44(3):922–938. doi: 10.1007/s12028-026-02454-x

Table 4.

Univariable tests versus 1-year survival

Predictor Test (df) Test value p-Value (two-sided)
Gender χ2 (1) 1.06 0.303
Mechanism χ2 (4) 3.62 0.486
Spinal region χ2 (2) 0.25 0.882
GCS category χ2 (2) 0.38 0.828
LOS (days) Mann–Whitney z -3.95  < 0.001
Hodges–Lehmann shift –  + 20.5 days (95% CI + 11 to + 33) –
Age ≥ 45 years χ2 (1) 1.23 0.268
High-energy mechanism χ2 (1) 0.31 0.580

High-energy mechanism = all except low energy and assault