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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jun 12.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol. 2026 Apr 28;10(2):324–333. doi: 10.1109/jerm.2026.3680841

TABLE II.

Associated muscle groups for airwriting

Joint Motion type Associated muscles
Wrist Flex FCU, PL, FCR, FDS
Extend ECRL/B, EDM, ECU
Ulnar Deviation FCU, ECU
Radial Deviation FCR
Index and middle fingers Flex FDS, FDP
Extend EDC, EIP