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. 2026 May 29;27(11):4948. doi: 10.3390/ijms27114948
H2 Molecular hydrogen
ROS reactive oxygen species
RNS reactive nitrogen species
MQC Mitochondrial Quality Control
AMPK AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
UPRmt unfolded protein response
OXPHOS oxidative phosphorylation
HRW Hydrogen-Rich Water
PK Pharmacokinetics
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
IMM inner mitochondrial membrane
ETC electron transport chain
ΔΨm mitochondrial membrane potential
PCET proton-coupled electron transfer
SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage
HO-1 heme oxygenase-1
SOD2 mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2
PGC-1α Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha
TFAM mitochondrial transcription factor A
Drp1 dynamin-related protein 1
MFF mitochondrial fission factor
Mfn1/2 mitofusin 1/2
OPA1 optic atrophy 1
PINK1 PTEN-induced kinase 1
OGD/R oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation
CLP cecal ligation and puncture
TEM transmission electron microscopy
NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
CPT1A Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A
TCA Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
ULK1 Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1
FASN Fatty Acid Synthase
SCD1 Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1
T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
β-HB β-hydroxybutyrate
PD Parkinson’s disease
AD Alzheimer’s disease