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. 2026 Jun 4;27(11):5104. doi: 10.3390/ijms27115104
PCSK6 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6
IPF Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
PAR-1 Protease-activated receptor-1
ECM Excessive extracellular matrix
ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
α-SMA α-smooth muscle actin
PACE4 Paired basic amino-acid-cleaving enzyme 4
SPC4 Subtilisin-like proprotein convertase 4
MMPs Matrix metalloproteinases
TGF-β Transforming growth factor-β
IGF-2 Insulin-like Growth Factor 2
HNE 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
NHLF Normal human lung fibroblast
FACS Flow cytometry
CM Conditioned medium
SEM Standard error of the mean