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. 2026 Jun 5;15(11):4384. doi: 10.3390/jcm15114384
PD-1 Programmed cell death protein-1
PD-L1 Programmed cell death ligand 1
PD-L2 Programmed cell death ligand 2
STAT1 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
ccRCC Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
RCC Renal cell carcinoma
TME Tumor microenvironment
ICI Immune checkpoint inhibitor
NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer
IFN-γ Interferon-γ
SEM Standard error of the mean
qRT-PCR Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
IMDM Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium
PVDF Polyvinylidene difluoride
CTLA-4 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4
SDS-PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
IFNGR1 Interferon Gamma Receptor 1
IFNGR2 Interferon Gamma Receptor 1
JAK Janus kinase
PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
AKT Protein Kinase B
mTOR Mammalian target of rapamycin