AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AAD	Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
ANS	Autonomic nervous system
α-syn	α-synuclein
BBB	Blood-brain barrier
CD	Crohn’s disease
CNS	Central nervous system
DSS	Dextran sulfate sodium
ENS	Enteric nervous system
fRG	Bifidobacteria-fermented red ginseng
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
GBA	Gut-brain axis
GABA	Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GTSs	Ginseng total saponins
GP4	4.7-kDa ginseng-derived polysaccharide
GPN	Ginseng neutral polysaccharides
GRb1	Ginsenoside Rb1
GPH1	Ginseng polysaccharide
GP	Ginseng peptides
GE	Ginsenoside extract
GPS-1	rhamnogalacturonan-I enriched pectin
HPA axis	Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis
HFD	High-fat diet
HFD/STZ	High-fat diet/streptozotocin
IRAK-1	Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1
IS	Immobilization stress
IR	Insulin resistance
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MCAO/R	Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion
NFP	Non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PPARγ	Proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
PTSD	Post-traumatic stress disorder
RG	Red ginseng
STZ	Streptozotocin
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
TNF-α	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
UDCA	Ursodeoxycholic acid
UCDF	the feces of patients with ulcerative colitis and depression
UC	Ulcerative colitis
WGP	ginseng polysaccharides
5-HT	5-hydroxytryptamine