ACC	acetyl-CoA carboxylase
ACOX1	acyl-CoA oxidase 1
ADME	Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
Akt	Protein kinase B
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	Adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase
ApoB100	apolipoprotein B100
ARE	antioxidant response element
ASC	Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD
AST	aspartate aminotransferase
ATG2B	Autophagy related 2B
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X protein
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma-2
Beclin1	Beclin 1 autophagy protein
BMI	body mass index
CHOP	C/EBP homologous protein
Cleaved-Caspase-1	Cleaved Cysteine-aspartic acid protease-1
CPT1	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
CYP7A1	cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
DIO	diet-induced obesity
ERS	Endoplasmic reticulum stress
F/B	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
FAS	fatty acid synthase
Fas/FasL	Fas receptor/Fas ligand
FFA	Free fatty acids
FFD	fast food diet
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
FOXO1	forkhead box protein O1
FXR	farnesoid X receptor
G6Pase	glucose-6-phosphatase
GLUT4	glucose transporter 4
GRP78	glucose-regulated protein 78
GSDMD-N	Gasdermin D N-terminal domain
GSH-Px	Glutathione peroxidase
GTT	glucose tolerance test
HCBP6	Hepatitis C virus core protein-binding protein 6
HFD	High-fat diet
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance
IR	Insulin resistance
IRE1α	Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α
IRS-1	insulin receptor substrate-1
ITT	insulin tolerance test
IκBα	Inhibitor of kappa B alpha
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
KRG	Korean Red Ginseng
LC3	Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3
LKB1	Liver kinase B1
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAFLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
MASH	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
MCD	methionine-choline-deficient
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MRC-1	Mannose receptor C-type 1
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
MTTP	microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-B
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
NRF1	Nuclear respiratory factor 1
Nrf2	Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2
PDS-C	panaxadiol saponin component
PEPCK	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PPAR-α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
PPD	protopanaxdiol
PPT	protopanaxatriol
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homolog
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SA-β-gal	senescence-associated β-galactosidase
SASP	senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
SGPL1	sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1
SIRT1	Silent information regulator 1
SIRT6	Silent information regulator 6
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SOD2	mitochondria-specific superoxide dismutase 2
SREBP1c	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TC	total cholesterol
TFAM	Mitochondrial transcription factor A
TFEB	transcription factor EB
TG	Triglycerides
THA	thapsigargin
THP-1	THP-1 human monocytic cell line
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α
TNFR1	Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1
TUNEL	Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
VLDL	very low-density lipoprotein
γ-GT	gamma-glutamyl transferase