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. 2026 May 29;14:1809818. doi: 10.3389/fped.2026.1809818

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© 2026 Jo, Cho, Jun and Park.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four box plots labeled panels A through D comparing observations between Mother and Baby groups for various diversity metrics; all show lower median values for babies. Metrics are ACE (panel A, P less than 0.001), Number of OTUs (panel B, P equals 0.001), NPShannon (panel C, P equals 0.012), and Phylogenetic Diversity (panel D, P equals 0.034). Each plot shows whiskers and outliers. — Alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in mothers and neonates. Species richness (A,B) and diversity indices (C,D) are shown for maternal (Mother, n = 21) and neonatal (Baby, n = 25) samples. Higher values indicate greater within-sample diversity. Group differences between mothers and neonates were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. ACE, abundance-based coverage estimator; OTUs, observed operational taxonomic units.