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. 2026 May 29;14:1809818. doi: 10.3389/fped.2026.1809818

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© 2026 Jo, Cho, Jun and Park.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatter plot with principal component analysis of two groups, labeled Mother in blue and Baby in red, shows distinct clusters for each group on axes 1st PC (34.34%) and 2nd PC (22.20%), with blue and red ellipses indicating group distributions. — Comparison of gut microbial β-diversity at the species-group level. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) plot based on Jensen-Shannon, combined with K-means clustering, illustrates compositional differences between maternal fecal (blue dots and circle) and early neonatal fecal (pink dots and circle) samples. Each dot represents one individual sample. Overall differences in community composition were statistically significant (PERMANOVA, P = 0.001).