Table 2.
Comparison of clinical characteristics in mother-neonate pairs between concordant and discordant dominant phylum groups.
| Factors, Mean ± SD, n (%) | Overall | Concordant pair (n = 12) | Discordant pair (n = 11) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal factors (M = 21) | Age (year) | 34.0 ± 4.7 | 35.7 ± 6.0 | 34.6 ± 3.1 | 0.468 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.3 ± 17.3 | 66.9 ± 10.2 | 75.7 ± 21.5 | 0.251 | |
| BMI, pre-pregnancy | 23.2 ± 5.4 | 22.3 ± 3.8 | 24.0 ± 6.6 | 0.809 | |
| BMI at delivery | 27.3 ± 5.8 | 25.7 ± 3.1 | 28.9 ± 7.3 | 0.197 | |
| Primiparous | 11 (52.4%) | 5 (50.0) | 6 (54.5) | 1.000 | |
| GDM | 6 (28.6%) | 3 (30.0) | 3 (27.3) | 1.000 | |
| Stool collection | −0.1 ± 0.7 | −0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.159 | |
| CS delivery | 18 (85.7%) | 9 (90.0) | 9 (81.8) | 1.000 | |
| Neonatal factors (N = 25) | GA (week) | 36.9 ± 1.8 | 36.5 ± 1.6 | 37.1 ± 1.7 | 0.326 |
| Birth Weight (kg) | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.57 ± 0.58 | 2.86 ± 0.76 | 0.347 | |
| Male | 11 (44.0%) | 6 (46.2) | 5 (41.7) | 1.000 | |
| Stool day | 4.1 ± 2.3 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | 4.2 ± 2.9 | 0.794 | |
| Breast milk-fed | 11 (44.0%) | 6 (46.2) | 5 (41.7) | 1.000 | |
| Tachypnea | 4 (16.0%) | 3 (23.1) | 1 (8.3) | 0.593 | |
| Antibiotics | 5 (20.0%) | 3 (23.1) | 2 (16.7) | 1.000 | |
| Hospital duration | 7.4 ± 5.2 | 8.0 ± 4.2 | 6.8 ± 6.3 | 0.194 | |
P-values were obtained using Fisher's exact test or the Mann–Whitney test. The Overall column summarizes the full cohort (21 mothers and 25 neonates), whereas concordant and discordant columns reflect pair-based subgroup comparisons.
SD, standard deviation; M, mother; N, neonates; BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; CS, Cesarean section; GA, gestational age.