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. 2026 Apr 17;19(5):648–654. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-3513

Table 2:

RoB assessment summary

Article author and year Random sequence generation (selection bias) Allocation concealment (selection bias) Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Selective reporting (reporting bias) RoB
Malamed et al., 2000 ? ? ? Y Y HR
Ram and Amir, 2006 ? N ? Y Y HR
Arrow, 2012 Y Y Y Y Y LR
Alzahrani et al., 2018 Y Y ? Y Y MR
Massignan et al., 2020 Y Y Y Y Y LR
Khanna et al., 2021 ? N N Y Y HR
Jain et al., 2021 Y Y N Y Y HR

?, unclear; HR, high risk; LR, low risk; MR, medium risk; N, no; RoB, risk of bias; Y, yes