Table 2.

Comparison of BCI security protocols.

Protocol	Quantum resistance	Biometric binding	Rekeying overhead	Anomaly detection
ECC-based 9	No	Separate factor	Full handshake	No
Hybrid 10	No	No	Full handshake	No
WKyber 7	Yes	No	Full handshake	No
NLWE	Yes	Cryptographic-level	Zero-communication	Manifold-based