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. 2026 Apr 21;16:18505. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48527-x

Table 5.

Energy cost breakdown (initial handshake).

Component NLWE
ML-KEM Operations Inline graphic
Biometric Processing Inline graphic
PQ Signature (New) Inline graphic
Memory Accesses Inline graphic
Analog Front-end Inline graphic
Total Inline graphic