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. 2026 Apr 21;16:18505. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48527-x

Table 8.

Python implementation resource analysis.

Operation Time complexity Python time (ms) NumPy speedup Memory (MB)
ML-KEM Operations
 Polynomial Mult Inline graphic 12.4 8.3Inline graphic 4.2
 Matrix-Vector Inline graphic 45.7 12.1Inline graphic 8.9
 Compression Inline graphic 3.8 15.6Inline graphic 2.1
 Key Generation Inline graphic 89.3 10.2Inline graphic 15.6
Neural-LWE Extensions
 EEG Simulation Inline graphic 8.9 45.2Inline graphic 6.4
 Feature Extraction Inline graphic 15.6 23.4Inline graphic 4.1
 Biometric Distance Inline graphic 4.2 18.7Inline graphic 2.8
 ZCRR Entropy O(n) 1.8 6.4Inline graphic 1.9
System Components
 Flask Framework 28.4
 JSON Serialization O(n) 4.7 1.8Inline graphic 12.3
 Session Management O(1) 0.3 8.2
Total Application 128.4