Table A21:
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Selected Systematic Reviews
| Author, year, country | Study design | Intervention | Comparator | No. patients (M/F); age, mean ± SD | Baseline nodule characteristics, mean ± SD | Follow-up duration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies included in the systematic review by Nicolopoulos et al (Austria Institute of Health Technology Assessment)85 on symptomatic benign thyroid nodules | |||||||
| Jin et al, 2021,117 China | RCT | RFA or MWA | Thyroidectomy | MWA or RFA: 225; 43 ± 5 y Thyroidectomy: 225; 43 ± 5 y | Maximum diameter, cm RFA or MWA: 2.72 ± 0.82 Thyroidectomy: 3.21 ± 0.61 | 15 mo Loss to follow-up RFA or MWA: 11% Thyroidectomy: 12% |
Separate data on MWA (n = 89) and RFA (n = 112) for volume reduction rate only |
| Yan et al, 2018,118 China | RCT | MWA | Thyroidectomy | MWA: 57 (M 8/F 49); 45.8 ± 10.2 y Thyroidectomy: 51 (M 11/F 40); 46.2 ± 11.5 y |
Diameter, cm MWA: 2.55 ± 1.13 Thyroidectomy: 2.34 ± 1.05 | 48 h Loss to follow-up NR |
– |
| Zhi et al, 2018,119 China | RCT | MWA | Thyroidectomy | MWA: 28 (M 20/F 8); 53.61 ± 8.76 y Thyroidectomy: 24 (M 14/F 10); 52.05 ± 11.95 y |
Maximum diameter, cm MWA: 3.76 ± 1.06 Thyroidectomy: 4.36 ± 0.84 Volume, mL MWA: 17.11 ± 14.41 Thyroidectomy: 20.79 ± 14.00 |
12 mo Loss to follow-up MWA: 7% Thyroidectomy: 20% |
– |
| Jin et al, 2018,121 China | Retrospective, propensity-score matching, double-blinded | MWA | Thyroidectomy |
Before propensity matching MWA: 156 (M 58/F 98); 36.7 ± 10.3 y Thyroidectomy: 124 (M 40/F 84); 45.4 ± 11.2 y After propensity matching MWA: 106 (M 31/F 75); 39.6 ± 11.2 y Thyroidectomy: 106 (M 28/F 78): 45.4 ± 11.2 y |
Median (IQR) Before propensity matching Diameter, cm MWA: 28.2 (24.1-35.6) Thyroidectomy: 26.3 (23.2-32.1) Volume, mL MWA: 5.7 (3.8-10.3) Thyroidectomy: 4.6 (3.4-8.5) After propensity matching Diameter, cm MWA: 28.6 (24.1-35.3) Thyroidectomy: 28.2 (23.0-35.9) Volume, mL MWA: 5.7 (3.8-10.3) Thyroidectomy: 5.5 (3.5-9.6) |
MWA: 12.8 mo Thyroidectomy: 12.6 mo Loss to follow-up NR |
– |
| Lang et al, 2019,23 China | Retrospective, propensity-score matching | HIFU | Lobectomy |
Before propensity matching HIFU: 97 (M 12/F 85); 48 ± 12 y Lobectomy: 88 (M 25/F 63); 54 ± 15.17 y After propensity matching HIFU: 77 (M 12/F 65); 49 ± 13 y Lobectomy: 77 (M 17/F 60); 51 ± 14 y |
Before propensity matching Dominant size, cm HIFU: 3.5 ± 1.1 Lobectomy: 3.9 ± 1.5 Dominant volume, mL HIFU: 25.2 ± 14.0 Lobectomy: 26.67 ± 13.9 After propensity matching Dominant size, cm HIFU: 4.0 ± 1.0 Lobectomy: 4.0 ± 1.0 Dominant volume, mL HIFU: 24.8 ± 14.5 Lobectomy: 24.0 ± 17.2 |
6 mo Loss to follow-up NR |
|
| Yan et al, 2023,122 China | Retrospective, propensity-score matching | RFA | Thyroidectomy | Median age (IQR) Before propensity matching RFA: 49 (M 9/F 40); 65 (5.5) y Thyroidectomy: 181 (M 59/ F 122); 64 (6.0) y After propensity matching RFA: 49 (M 9/F 40); 65 (5.5) y Thyroidectomy: 49 (M 9/F 40); 64 (5.0) y |
Median (IQR) Before propensity matching Largest diameter, cm RFA: 3.2 (1.5) Thyroidectomy: 4.1 (1.6) Volume, mL RFA: 7.4 (10.1) Thyroidectomy: 18.6 (22.0) After propensity matching Largest diameter, cm RFA: 3.2 (1.5) Thyroidectomy: 3.1 (1.2) Volume, mL RFA: 7.4 (10.1) Thyroidectomy: 7.1 (13.6) |
Median (IQR) RFA: 27.3 (36.3) mo Thyroidectomy: 35.7 (25.9) mo Loss to follow-up NR |
Elderly populations |
| Yue et al, 2016,123 China | Retrospective, propensity-score matching | RFA | Thyroidectomy |
Before propensity matching RFA: 137 (M 38/F 99); 48.3 ± 12.9 y Thyroidectomy: 267 (M 129/ F 138); 52.4 ± 12.7 y After propensity matching RFA: 108 (M 36/F 72); 50.8 ± 11.9 y Thyroidectomy: 108 (M 39/F 69); 49.8 ± 13.6 y |
Median (IQR) Before propensity matching Volume, mL RFA: 5.7 (3.9-9.1) Thyroidectomy: 5.2 (1.4-11.2) After propensity matching Volume, mL RFA: 5.6 (3.9-8.7) Thyroidectomy: 5.3 (2.2-10.4) |
6 mo Loss to follow-up NR |
|
| Studies included in the systematic review by Leon-Salas et al77 on cystic thyroid nodules | |||||||
| Baek et al, 2015,125 Korea | RCT | EA | RFA | EA: 24 (M 6/F 18); 47.6 y RFA: 22 (M 3/F 19); 50.8 y | Diameter, cm EA: 3.6 ± 1.0 RFA: 3.0 ± 1.0 Volume, mL EA: 14.7 ± 13.7 RFA: 8.6 ± 9.4 | 6 mo Loss to follow-up RFA: 3 PEI: 1 |
Predominantly cystic thyroid nodules (50%-90% cystic portion) |
| Sung et al, 2013,126 Korea | RCT | EA | RFA | EA: 25 (M 2/F 23); 45.0 ± 10.9 y RFA: 25 (M 3/F 22); 44.9 ± 10.6 y | Diameter, cm EA: 3.4 ± 1.0 (range 1.7-5.7) RFA: 3.0 ± 1.2 (range 1.8-6.2) Volume, mL EA: 12.2 ± 11.0 (range 1.9-39.0) RFA: 9.3 ± 11.7 (range 1.8-54.0) |
6 mo | Predominantly cystic thyroid nodules (> 90% cystic portion) |
| Studies included in the systematic review by Javid et al70 on AFTNs | |||||||
| Bernardi et al, 2017,129 Italy | Prospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 30 (M 10/F 20); 69.1 ± 2.0 y | NR | 12 mo | Single RFA session |
| Cesareo et al, 2018,132 Italy | Prospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 29 (M 18/F 11); 51.41 ± 15.5 y | NR | 24 mo | Single RFA session |
| Dobnig and Amrein, 2018,134 Austria | Prospective noncomparative |
RFA | - | 32; NR | NR | 12 mo | Single RFA session |
| Vu et al, 2022,136 Vietnam | Prospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 17 (M 2/F 15); 46.47 ± 13.11 y | NR | 24 mo | Single RFA session |
| Baek et al, 2009,127 Korea | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 9 (M 1/F 8); 47 ± 17 y | NR | 11.0 ± 4.2 mo | Multiple RFA sessions |
| Bernardi et al, 2018,128 Italy | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 32; NR | NR | NR | Single RFA session |
| Cappelli et al, 2020,130 Italy | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 17 (M 6/F 11); 45.3 ± 18.0 y | NR | 12 mo | Single RFA session |
| Cervelli et al, 2019,131 Italy | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 22 (M 2/F 20); 51.9 ± 13.9 y | NR | 12 mo | Single RFA session |
| Deandrea et al, 2008,133 Italy | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 22; NR | NR | 6 mo | Single RFA session |
| Sung et al, 2015,135 Korea | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 44 (M 2/F 42); 43 ± 14.7 y | NR | 19.9 ± 12.6 mo | Multiple RFA sessions |
| Studies included in the systematic review by Nguyen et al84 on papillary thyroid cancer | |||||||
| Guo et al, 2024,137 China | Prospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 52 (M 9/F 43); NR Surgery: 71 (M 13/F 58); NR | Size, mm MWA: 12.9 ± 2.2 Surgery: 13.6 ± 5.6 Volume, mm3 MWA: 660 ± 440 Surgery: 820 ± 560 | 12 mo | PTC |
| Zheng et al, 2023,138 China | Prospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 92 (M 16/F 76); NR Surgery: 106 (M 23/F 83); NR | Size, mm MWA: 8.1 ± 3.0 Surgery: 8.9 ± 3.3 Volume, mm3 MWA: 230 ± 330 Surgery: 320 ± 370 | 13 mo | PTC, PTMC |
| Cao et al, 2021,139 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | MWA | RFA: 49 (M 7/F 42); 46.0 ± 14.0 y MWA: 123 (M 31/F 92); 46.0 ± 12.0 y |
Size, mm RFA: 13.2 ± 2.8 MWA: 13.5 ± 2.8 Volume, mm3 NR | 25 mo | PTC |
| Cao et al, 2021,140 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | MWA | RFA: 183; NR MWA: 542; NR | Size, mm NR Volume, mm3 NR |
21 mo | PTMC |
| He et al, 2021,141 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | Surgery | RFA: 94 (M 23/F 71); 43.9 y Surgery: 110 (M 17/F 93); 43.8 y | Size, mm NR Volume, mm3 RFA: 795 ± 480.2 Surgery: NR |
NR | PTC |
| Li et al, 2018,142 China | Retrospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 46 (M 14/F 32); 43.6 ± 9.3 y Surgery: 46 (M 13/F 33); 49.6 ± 9.0 y |
Size, mm MWA: 4.5 ± 1.6 Surgery: 4.3 ± 1.4 Volume, mm3 MWA: 56.6 ± 48.8 Surgery: NR | 42 mo | PTMC |
| Li et al, 2019,143 China | Retrospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 168 (M 36/F 132); 47.3 ± 10.7 y Surgery: 143 (M 29/F 114); 49.2 ± 11.4 y |
Size, mm NR Volume, mm3 MWA: 81.6 ± 10.0 Surgery: NR |
12 mo | PTMC |
| Author, year, country | Study design | Intervention | Comparator | No. patients (M/F); age, mean ± SD | Baseline nodule characteristics, mean ± SD | Follow-up duration | Notes |
| Li et al, 2024,144 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | MWA | RFA: 346 (M 63/F 283); 37.3 ± 9.8 y MWA: 166 (M 38/F 128); 38.3 ± 9.9 y |
Size, mm RFA: 1.3 ± 2.0 MWA: 1.0 ± 1.1 Volume, mm3 NR |
22 mo | PTMC |
| Song et al, 2021,145 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | Surgery | RFA: 115 (M 18/F 97); 44.9 ± 10.4 y Surgery: 103 (M 19/F 84); 45.4 ± 9.9 y |
Size, mm RFA: 6.5 ± 1.9 Surgery: 6.9 ± 1.6 Volume, mm3 RFA: 181.6 ± 156.5 Surgery: 198.2 ± 118.8 | RFA: 26 mo Surgery: 29 mo | PTMC |
| Wang et al, 2021,146 China | Retrospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 63 (M 12/F 51); 43.6 ± 14.2 y Surgery: 83 (M 24/F 59); 43.2 ± 10.9 y | Size, mm MWA: 4.5 ± 1.1 Surgery: 4.5 ± 1.1 Volume, mm3 MWA: 35.1 ± 26.8 Surgery: NR | 24 mo | PTMC |
| Wei et al, 2022,147 China | Retrospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 350 (M 82/F 268); 44.0 ± 12.0 Surgery: 350 (M 83/F 267); 44.0 ± 12.0 |
Size, mm MWA: 8.0 ± 4.0 Surgery: 8.0 ± 4.0 Volume, mm3 MWA: 200 ± 300 Surgery: NR |
36 mo | PTC, PTMC |
| Xu et al, 2018,148 China | Retrospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 41 (M 12/F 29); 45.8 ± 10.2 y Surgery: 46 (M 16/F 30); 46.2 ± 11.5 y | Size, mm MWA: 8.9 ± 1.0 Surgery: 8.1 ± 1.2 Volume, mm3 NR | NR | PTMC |
| Yan et al, 2021,202 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | Surgery | RFA: 332 (M 82/F 250); 44.1 ± 9.5 y Surgery: 332 (M 84/F 248); 43.8 ± 9.5 y |
Size, mm RFA: 5.7 ± 2.2 Surgery: 5.5 ± 2.2 Volume, mm3 RFA: 91.6 ± 107.5 Surgery: 86.4 ± 106.8 |
RFA: 47 mo Surgery: 51 mo | PTMC |
| Yan et al, 2023,203 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | MWA | RFA: 357 (M 98/F 259); 44.8 ± 10.4 y MWA: 117 (M 25/F 92); 45.8 ± 10.5 y |
Size, mm NR Volume, mm3 NR |
77 mo | PTMC |
| Author, year, country | Study design | Intervention | Comparator | No. patients (M/F); age, mean ± SD | Baseline nodule characteristics, mean ± SD | Follow-up duration | Notes |
| Yan et al, 2023,149 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | Surgery | RFA: 44 (M 10/F 34); 44.3 ± 10.2 y Surgery: 53 (M 18/F 35); 41.6 ± 10.1 y |
Size, mm RFA: 5.5 ± 2.3 Surgery: 6.0 ± 2.4 Volume, mm3 RFA: 83.2 ± 111.3 Surgery: 110.0 ± 150.5 |
RFA: 74 mo Surgery: 22 mo | PTMC |
| Zeng et al, 2023,150 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | Surgery | RFA: 86 (M 41/F 45); 48.5 ± 7.4 y Surgery: 74 (M 28/F 46); 47.1 ± 6.8 y |
Size, mm RFA: 5.4 ± 1.8 Surgery: 5.6 ± 1.8 Volume, mm3 RFA: 50.5 ± 16.8 Surgery: 54.8 ± 17.2 | NR | PTMC |
| Zhang et al, 2020,152 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | Surgery | RFA: 94 (M 24/F 70); 45.4 ± 10.8 y Surgery: 80 (M 20/F 60); 44.1 ± 9.6 y |
Size, mm RFA: 6.1 ± 2.5 Surgery: 6.0 ± 1.5 Volume, mm3 RFA: 175.9 ± 228.3 Surgery: 132.7 ± 94.1 |
64 mo | PTMC |
| Zhang et al, 2022,151 China | Retrospective comparative |
RFA | Surgery | RFA: 157 (M 60/F 97); 45.8 ± 9.9 y Surgery: 206 (M 105/F 101); 45.7 ± 10.8 y |
Size, mm RFA: 5.3 ± 1.8 Surgery: 5.3 ± 1.8 Volume, mm3 RFA: 58.3 ± 52.7 Surgery: 61.9 ± 54.1 | 30 mo | PTMC |
| Zhou et al, 2019,153 China | Retrospective comparative |
LA | Surgery | LA: 36 (M 14/F 22); 41.5 ± 11.3 y Surgery: 45 (M 17/F 28); 41.6 ± 9.6 |
Size, mm LA: 4.7 ± 1.4 Surgery: 5.0 ± 1.1 Volume, mm3 LA: 43.3 ± 38.8 Surgery: 49.3 ± 30.4 |
LA: 36 mo Surgery: 28 mo | PTMC |
| Zhou et al, 2020,154 China | Retrospective comparative |
MWA | LA | MWA: 33 (M 7/F 26); 37.9 ± 10.1 y LA: 34 (M 11/F 23); 41.8 ± 13.4 y |
Size, mm MWA: 5.0 ± 1.4 LA: 4.5 ± 1.6 Volume, mm3 MWA: 38.5 ± 43.0 LA: 51.9 ± 40.8 | 30 mo | PTMC |
| Author, year, country | Study design | Intervention | Comparator | No. patients (M/F); age, mean ± SD | Baseline nodule characteristics, mean ± SD | Follow-up duration | Notes |
| Zu et al, 2021,155 China | Retrospective comparative |
MWA | Surgery | MWA: 320 (M 83/F 237); 45.0 ± 10.6 y Surgery: 324 (M 77/F 247); 43.9 ± 11.5 y |
Size, mm MWA: 5.0 ± 1.9 Surgery: 5.1 ± 1.9 Volume, mm3 MWA: 85.1 ± 89.1 Surgery: NR |
94 mo | PTMC |
| Han et al, 2023,156 China | Prospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 1,278 (M 282/F 996); 44.3 ± 10.7 y | Size, mm: 6.1 ± 2.1 Volume, mm3: 110.0 ± 110.0 | 36 mo | PTMC |
| Lim et al, 2022,157 China | Prospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 12 (M 2/F 10); 51.2 ± 11.0 y | Size, mm: 5.3 ± 1.5 Volume, mm3: 172.5 ± 104.6 | 12 mo | PTMC |
| Teng et al, 2018,158 China | Prospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 15 (M 6/F 9); 48.0 ± 8.8 y | Size, mm: 5.8 ± 2.5 Volume, mm3: 134.3 ± 129.8 | 42 mo | PTMC |
| Wang et al, 2014,159 China | Prospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 8 (M 1/F 7); 43.6 ± 9.3 y | Size, mm: 10.0 ± 6.1 Volume, mm3: 206.0 ± 241.0 | 12 mo | PTC |
| Yue et al, 2014,160 China | Prospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 18 (M 6/F 12); 52.1 ± 13.6 y | Size, mm: 7.3 ± 3.0 Volume, mm3: 89.5 ± 20.1 | 12 mo | PTMC |
| Yue et al, 2020,161 China | Prospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 119 (M 27/F 92); 48.7 ± 11.8 y | Size, mm: 6.9 ± 1.9 Volume, mm3: 130.0 ± 90.0 | 17 mo | PTMC |
| Zhang et al, 2016,162 China | Prospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 92 (M 23/F 69); 44.7 ± 10.7 y | Size, mm: 5.5 ± 2.0 Volume, mm3: 118.8 ± 106.9 | 9 mo | PTMC |
| Zheng et al, 2023,163 China | Prospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 461 (M 124/F 337); 43.0 ± 11.0 y | Size, mm: 6.0 ± 2.0 Volume, mm3: 100.0 ± 100.0 | 26 mo | PTMC |
| Cao et al, 2020,164 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 14 (M 3/F 11); 46.9 ± 11.9 y | Size, mm: 11.8 ± 3.2 Volume, mm3: 271.4 ± 195.9 | 24 mo | PTC |
| Cho et al, 2020,165 Korea | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 74 (M 8/F 66); 46.0 ± 12.0 y | Size, mm: 5.2 ± 1.4 Volume, mm3: 59.8 ± 47.8 | 72 mo | PTMC |
| Ding et al, 2019,166 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 37 (M 8/F 29); 45.1 ± 13.0 y | Size, mm: 7.4 ± 4.1 Volume, mm3: 120.0 ± 100.0 | 9 mo | PTMC |
| Dong et al, 2024,167 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 66 (M 13/F 53); 43.5 ± 8.7 y | Size, mm: 5.1 ± 3.0 Volume, mm3: 43.8 ± 75.7 | 60 mo | PTMC |
| Guang et al, 2017,168 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 33 (M 11/F 22); 43.7 ± 10.7 y | Size, mm: 12.2 ± 5.1 Volume, mm3: 405.8 ± 440.3 | 21 mo | PTC |
| Han et al, 2020,169 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 37 (M 17/F 20); 43.6 ± 13.8 y | Size, mm: 13.2 ± 5.9 Volume, mm3: NR | 11 mo | PTC |
| He et al, 2021,170 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 95 (M 24/F 71); 66.6 ± 4.4 y | Size, mm: 6.1 ± 2.0 Volume, mm3: 107.3 ± 99.1 | 36 mo | PTMC |
| Ji et al, 2019,171 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 37 (M 12/F 25); 43.9 ± 17.6 y | Size, mm: 5.1 ± 3.4 Volume, mm3: 52.8 ± 30.6 | 18 mo | PTMC |
| Jing et al, 2024,172 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 592 (M 122/F 470); 43.9 ± 10.1 y | Size, mm: NR Volume, mm3: 107.6 ± 96.0 |
40 mo | PTMC |
| Juan et al, 2022,173 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 38 (M 12/F 26); 62.0 ± 2.4 y | Size, mm: 5.1 ± 1.0 Volume, mm3: 40.7 ± 16.5 | 60 mo | PTMC |
| Kim et al, 2017,174 Korea | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 6 (M 2/F 4); 72.0 ± 6.6 y | Size, mm: 9.2 ± 2.8 Volume, mm3: 215.3 ± 197.9 | 48 mo | PTMC |
| Lim et al, 2019,175 Korea | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 133 (M 19/F 114); 46.0 ± 12.0 y | Size, mm: 4.3 ± 1.4 Volume, mm3: 30.0 ± 40.0 | 39 mo | PTMC |
| Mauri et al, 2016,176 Italy | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 24 (M 11/F 13); 62.3 ± 13.2 y | Size, mm: 10.0 ± 5.0 Volume, mm3: NR | 30 mo | PTC |
| Offi et al, 2021,177 Italy | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 10 (M 4/F 6); 40.2 ± 17.9 y | Size, mm: NR Volume, mm3: 182.0 ± 345.0 |
NR | PTC |
| Peng et al, 2021,178 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 105 (M 31/F 74); 44.1 ± 12.2 y | Size, mm: 6.3 ± 2.6 Volume, mm3: 99.4 ± 84.0 | 65 mo | PTMC |
| Seo et al, 2021,179 Korea | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 5 (M 0/F 5); 40.4 ± 8.8 y | Size, mm: 5.0 ± 1.2 Volume, mm3: NR | 130 mo | PTMC |
| Song et al, 2020,180 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 112 (M 18/F 94); 44.9 ± 10.6 y | Size, mm: 6.5 ± 1.9 Volume, mm3: 181.6 | 30 mo | PTMC |
| Teng et al, 2019,181 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 185 (M 40/F 145); 42.2 ± 11.7 y | Size, mm: 5.3 ± 1.9 Volume, mm3: 100.1 ± 92.9 | 20 mo | PTMC |
| Teng et al, 2020,182 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 41 (M 13/F 28); 46.1 ± 8.9 y | Size, mm: 5.6 ± 2.1 Volume, mm3: 61.3 ± 20.9 | 60 mo | PTMC |
| Wang et al, 2024,183 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 50 (M 7/F 43); 52.3 ± 7.3 y | Size, mm: 5.6 ± 1.6 Volume, mm3: NR | 12 mo | PTMC |
| Wu et al, 2020,186 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 198 (M 57/F 141); 42.5 ± 9.5 y | Size, mm: 6.3 ± 1.8 Volume, mm3: 99.4 ± 84.0 | 26 mo | PTMC |
| Wu et al, 2021,185 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 106 (M 19/F 87); 44.4 ± 11.1 y | Size, mm: 7.7 ± 3.5 Volume, mm3: 200.0 ± 300.0 | 42 mo | PTMC |
| Wu et al, 2022,184 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 69 (M 18/F 51); 45.5 ± 11.8 y | Size, mm: 8.4 ± 3.9 Volume, mm3: 260.0 ± 350.0 | 36 mo | PTC |
| Yan et al, 2020,188 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 202 (M 50/F 152); 42.8 ± 10.1 y | Size, mm: 5.4 ± 1.6 Volume, mm3: 102.3 ± 93.8 | 25 mo | PTMC |
| Yan et al, 2021,187 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 414 (M 91/F 323); 43.6 ± 9.8 y | Size, mm: 5.2 ± 1.6 Volume, mm3: 92.7 ± 83.4 | 42 mo | PTMC |
| Yan et al, 2022,189 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 487 (M 106/F 381); 43.6 ± 9.7 y | Size, mm: 6.1 ± 1.9 Volume, mm3: 96.2 ± 83.6 | 50 mo | PTMC |
| Zhang et al, 2018,191 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 64 (M 23/F 41); 42.5 ± 12.3 y | Size, mm: 4.6 ± 1.5 Volume, mm3: 41.0 ± 40.4 | 26 mo | PTMC |
| Zhang et al, 2019,192 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 30 (M 8/F 22); 44.1 ± 9.0 y | Size, mm: NR Volume, mm3: 110.0 ± 170.0 |
18 mo | PTMC |
| Zhang et al, 2022,190 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 72 (M 14/F 58); 39.2 ± 9.3 y | Size, mm: 5.1 ± 1.5 Volume, mm3: 44.7 ± 13.7 | 18 mo | PTMC |
| Zhou et al, 2017,194 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
LA | – | 30 (M 13/F 17); NR | Size, mm: 4.8 ± 1.2 Volume, mm3: 43.7 ± 37.8 | 11 mo | PTMC |
| Zhou et al, 2019,193 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
MWA | – | 14 (M 3/F 11); 45.1 ± 12.1 y | Size, mm: 10.1 ± 4.7 Volume, mm3: 291.9 ± 255.6 | 9 mo | PTC |
| Zhu et al, 2021,195 China | Retrospective noncomparative |
RFA | – | 102 (M 20/F 82); 43.0 ± 19.0 y | Size, mm: 5.0 ± 2.9 Volume, mm3: 60.0 ± 90.0 | 60 mo | PTMC |
Abbreviations: EA, ethanol ablation; HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound; IQR, interquartile range; LA, laser ablation; MWA, microwave ablation; NR, not reported; PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; PTMC, papillary thyroid microcarcinoma; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; SD, standard deviation.
Note: Studies are ordered alphabetically and then by study design.