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. 2026 Jun 15;17:120. doi: 10.1186/s13293-026-00940-7

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© The Author(s) 2026, modified publication 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Principal component analysis of NO-related metabolites in HFpEF. (A) Biplot of the first two principal components (PC1, PC2) showing the distribution of female (red) and male (blue) patients with HFpEF with 95% confidence ellipses. Arrows indicate loading vectors of individual metabolites. (B) Heatmap of metabolite correlations for the first two PCs. (C–D) Variable contributions to PC1 and PC2. The dashed line indicates the expected average contribution