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. 2026 Jun 17;12(25):eaed5675. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aed5675

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Fig. 6. — (A) Comparison of LCA results of recycled membranes and commercial membranes across 18 indicators categorized into: Ecosystem, Resources, and Human health. AS, Asia. (B) Contribution analysis of the LCA results for the recycled RO membrane. (C) TEA comparing total capital investments and unit production costs for the stage-based recycling process versus conventional membrane manufacturing process. (D) Comparative analysis of three EOL management pathways for RO membranes: the proposed closed-loop recycling process (EOL RO to RO), incineration, and landfill. TA, terrestrial acidification; TE, terrestrial ecotoxicity; FEu, freshwater eutrophication; FEc, freshwater ecotoxicity; MEu, marine eutrophication; MEc, marine ecotoxicity; SOD, stratospheric ozone depletion; OFTE, ozone formation–terrestrial ecosystems; WC, water consumption; MRS, mineral resource scarcity; LU, land use; OFHH, ozone formation–human health; IR, ionizing radiation; HNCT, human noncarcinogenic toxicity; HCT, human carcinogenic toxicity; FPMF, fine particulate matter formation.