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. 2026 Jun 5;14:1840932. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1840932

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Copyright © 2026 Chen, Ye, Yang, Wang, Zhang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot showing results from multiple studies, each represented by a square and horizontal line indicating relative risk with 95% confidence interval. The overall effect size is summarized by a diamond at the bottom, with heterogeneity and statistical summary values reported below. — Forest plot of the overall meta-analysis examining the association between smoking and incident psoriasis risk. Effect estimates are presented as relative risks (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The pooled estimate was calculated using a random-effects model based on restricted maximum likelihood (REML). The diamond represents the overall combined effect.