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. 2026 Jun 5;14:1840932. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1840932

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Copyright © 2026 Chen, Ye, Yang, Wang, Zhang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line chart titled “Dose–response meta-analysis (RCS)” showing relative risk versus pack-years. Three lines are plotted: the solid blue line (rr2) shows a non-linear increase then slight decline in relative risk with more pack-years, while the dashed red line (lci2) and dashed green line (uci2) represent lower and upper confidence intervals, respectively, with the upper confidence interval increasing sharply after forty pack-years. — Dose-response relationship between cumulative smoking exposure and risk of psoriasis. A dose-response meta-analysis using restricted cubic splines was conducted to evaluate the association between cumulative smoking exposure (pack-years) and the risk of psoriasis. Solid lines represent pooled relative risks, and dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. Detailed predicted values for selected exposure points are provided in Supplementary Table 6.