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. 2026 Jun 5;14:1840932. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1840932

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Copyright © 2026 Chen, Ye, Yang, Wang, Zhang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot illustrating a meta-analysis of studies, each line showing the study name, log relative risk with ninety-five percent confidence interval, and study weight. Most studies favor increased risk, pooling at a combined estimate of one point three eight with a confidence interval of one point one nine to one point five nine. Study weights range from about five to thirteen percent. Heterogeneity metrics indicate high variability among studies, and results are generated with a random-effects REML model. — Residual risk of psoriasis in former smokers compared with never smokers. The forest plot presents relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident psoriasis in former smokers compared with never smokers across included studies. Pooled estimates were calculated using a random-effects model based on restricted maximum likelihood (REML). The diamond represents the overall combined effect.