Table 2.

Key technical and operational requirements for a DT ecosystem

Infrastructure component	Description
Data integration layer	Unified platform for clinical, imaging, omics, pathology, and any data belonging to patients
High-performance computing	Real-time processing and simulations across thousands of concurrent users
AI algorithms	Multimodal deep learning and causal inference models for prediction and simulation
Interoperability standards	Compliance with HL7/FHIR, GDPR, and medical imaging formats for global scalability
User interface	Clinician-friendly dashboard with predictive outputs, alerts, and treatment scenario explorers
Security framework	End-to-end encryption, access control, and ethical oversight for data protection

DT Digital twin, FHIR Fast healthcare interoperability resources, GDPR General data protection regulation, HL7 Health Level Seven International