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. 2026 Jun 22;12(6):001760. doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.001760

Fig. 4. Molecular diversity and amino acid variability of Ningbo strains. (a) Sliding-window similarity plot of Ningbo hMPV genomes versus representative prototype strains. Nucleotide sequence similarity between the 26 Ningbo hMPV isolates and a reference strain (GenBank: NC_039199.1) was analysed using a sliding window approach (window size: 200 bp; step size: 20 bp) with the Kimura two-parameter model. Major coding regions were labelled for genomic context. (b) Shannon entropy (h) analysis between Ningbo strains. Positions where H≥2.0 are considered highly variable, while those where H<1.0 are regarded as highly conserved. (c) Amino acid alignment of the hMPV G-protein duplication region in Ningbo and reference strains. Amino acid sequences were aligned using MAFFT. The A2.2.2 strain (20240959) carrying G-protein duplication region was collected from 2024. (d) Mapping of lineage-associated substitutions on the F-protein monomer (PDB No. 5WB0). Lineage-associated substitutions are highlighted in red.

hMPV genome analysis showing nucleotide similarity across coding regions, Shannon entropy revealing diversity peaks in G, SH, and F proteins, amino acid alignments of G-protein duplications in lineages A and B, and F-protein structure.