Fig. 5. Phylogeographic analysis of hMPV in Ningbo based on the concatenated F, SH and G genes (n=174). (a) Discrete MCC Tree. Enlarged views of the evolutionary branches related to the Ningbo strains are shown in panels ① to ⑥. Ningbo strains are highlighted in red font, and ancestral nodes are indicated by red arrows. (b) Geographic transmission pathways based on Discrete BF. A composite dataset of 174 sequences was analysed using BEAST 2.7, with geographic locations designated as discrete traits. BF was used to assess statistical support for transmission routes, with BF≥3 indicating statistically significant support.