Table 1.

Bioactive sulfur-containing RiPPs and the proposed targets

Compound(s)	Sulfur-containing Group	Species	Activity	Reference(s)
Nisin (1)	S–Cβ thioether	Lactococcus lactis	Anti-Gram-positive strains (including MRSA); via lipid-II–stabilized pore formation	18–20
Cacaoidin (2)	S–Cβ thioether	Streptomyces cacaoi	Anti-Gram-positive strains; via lipid-II sequestration and inhibition of cell wall transglycosylases.	21,22
Nukacin ISK-1 (3)	S–Cβ thioether	Staphylococcus warneri ISK-1	Anti-Gram-positive strains; via lipid-II sequestration blocks transglycosylation	23
Cinnamycin (4)	S–Cβ thioether	Streptomyces cinnamoneus	Antimicrobial activity against PE-rich Gram-positives; via phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) binding and PE-dependent membrane permeabilization	24,25
Duramycin (5)	S–Cβ thioether	Streptomyces cinnamoneus	Anti-Gram-positive strains; via PE headgroup recognition and selective permeabilization	26
Cebulantin (6)	S–Cβ thioether	Saccharopolyspora cebuensis	Anti-Gram-negative strains	39
Salivaricin A2, B (7, 8)	S–Cβ thioether	Streptococcus salivarius	Anti-inflammation; via STAT3 signaling inhibition	40
Salivaricin 10 (9)	S–Cβ thioether	Streptococcus salivarius	Anti-Gram-positive strains; via lipid-II targeting; pThr-dependent immune modulation and antibiofilm	41
Sh-lantibiotic-α (10), Sh-lantibiotic-P (11)	S–Cβ thioether	Staphylococcus hominis	Anti-Gram-positive strains (including MRSA)	42
Ruminococcin C (12)	S–Cα thioether	Ruminococcus gnavus	Anti-Gram-positive strains; via membrane perturbation, rapid PMF/ATP collapse	43–45
Hyicin 4244 (13)	S–Cα thioether	Staphylococcus hyicus 4244	Anti-Gram-positive strains (include MRSA); via membrane action and form antibiofilm	46
Thuricin Z (14)	S–Cα thioether	Bacillus thuringiensis	Anti-Gram-positive strains; via rapid membrane depolarization	47
Streptosactin (15)	S–Cα thioether	Streptococcus thermophilus	Antimicrobial activity the producer strain and close Streptococcus relatives with the same BGC	48
Enteropeptin A (16)	S–Cα thioether	Enterococcus cecorum	Antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus spp.; intra-genus antagonism	49
Thermocellin (17)	S-Cγ thioether	Clostridium thermocellum	Roles in quorum sensing and metabolic control	50
Lactocillin (18)	Thiazole	Lactobacillus gasseri JV-V03	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Corynebacterium aurimucosum, Gardnerella vaginalis, and multiple Streptococcus species	59
Cutimycin (19)	Thiazole	Cutibacterium acnes	Skin microbiome composition modulation, especially inhibition of Staphylococcus growth	60
Micrococcin P1 (20)	Thiazole	Bacillus cereus	Biofilm matrix production upregulation in Bacillus subtilis	62
Staphylococcus caprae AIP (21)	Thiolactone	Staphylococcus caprae	Inhibition of agr-mediated quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus	76