Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jun 24.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2019 Jan 19;95:176–187. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.041

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Rheological testing of varying PHA concentrations of 1 and 1.5 MDa PHA precursors. Viscosity data by itself did not indicate printability; however, the printable formulations had a yield stress between 0 and 1000 Pa and recovered 85% or greater of their initial storage modulus. A) The viscosities of the 1 MDa PHA increased as the PHA concentration increased; however, all groups’ viscosities decreased to below 18 Pa-s at the highest tested shear rate and demonstrated shear thinning behavior. B) Similar to the 1 MDa PHA groups, the viscosity behavior of the 1.5 MDa PHA was shear thinning and increased as the PHA concentration increased. C) 1.5 MDa − 3 and 4 wt% had similar yield stresses to Cellink® Start and were less than 1000 Pa. The 1 MDa PHA groups did not have measurable yield stresses. D) Cellink Start®, 1.5 MDa − 3 wt%, and 1.5 MDa − 4 wt% recovered greater than 85% of their initial storage moduli after being disrupted by a high shear stress. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.