Table 1.

Yield stresses of different printable bioinks.

Material	Nozzle diameter (mm)	Yield stress (Pa)	Notes	Author
Pluronic F127/diacrylated Pluronic F127 (PF17/AC3)	0.30	151	No other printable or non-printable formulations.	Muller et al. [17]
25 wt% poloxamer 407	0.25	227	15, 20, and 30 wt% formulations were not printable.	Paxton et al. [21]
8% alginate/1% CaCl2	0.25	166	No other alginate/CaCl2 formulations were tested.	Paxton et al. [21]
3–10% methacrylated gelatin/ 0–0.5% gellan gum (gelMA/gellan)	0.34	0.13–48.2	3/0.5%, 10/0%, and 10/0.5% gelMA/gellan were all printable. 3/0.2% was not printable, but had a yield stress of 0.22 Pa.	Mouser et al. [18]
20–30% polaxamer/1–4% poly(ethylene glycol) (px/PEG)	0.34	~125 to 425	All formulations were printable.	Ribeiro et al. [19]
2.5% kappa-carrageenan/4–6% nanosilicates (κCA/nSi)	0.34	4.2–33	Pure κCA had the highest yield stress and was not printable. At least 4% nSi were needed for printability.	Wilson et al. [22]