Fig. 1.

Cytotoxic effects of ginkgetin on bladder cancer cells. A Chemical structure of ginkgetin. B Cell viability of 5637 bladder cancer cells treated with increasing concentrations of ginkgetin for 24 h and 48 h, as assessed by CCK-8 assay. C Cell viability of T24 bladder cancer cells following treatment with ginkgetin at the indicated concentrations for 24 h and 48 h. D Cell viability of HT-1376 bladder cancer cells exposed to ginkgetin for 24 h and 48 h. E Cell viability of J82 bladder cancer cells treated with various concentrations of ginkgetin for 24 h and 48 h. F Cell viability of the normal urothelial cell line SV-HUC-1 after ginkgetin treatment, indicating selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. G IC₅₀ values of ginkgetin in bladder cancer cell lines and SV-HUC-1 cells at 24 h and 48 h