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. 2026 May 1;163:76. doi: 10.1186/s41065-026-00686-7

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Ginkgetin suppresses PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. A Western blot analysis of phosphorylated and total PI3K, AKT, and mTOR proteins in 5637 cells treated with ginkgetin. B Quantitative analysis of p-mTOR/mTOR, p-PI3K/PI3K, and p-AKT/AKT ratios in 5637 cells. C Western blot analysis of phosphorylated and total PI3K, AKT, and mTOR proteins in HT-1376 cells treated with ginkgetin. D Quantitative analysis of p-mTOR/mTOR, p-PI3K/PI3K, and p-AKT/AKT ratios in HT-1376 cells. E Effects of insulin stimulation on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in 5637 cells in the presence or absence of ginkgetin. F Quantitative analysis of pathway activation in 5637 cells under insulin and ginkgetin co-treatment. G Western blot analysis of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in HT-1376 cells under insulin and ginkgetin co-treatment. H Quantitative analysis of pathway activation in HT-1376 cells under combined treatment