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. 2026 Jun 15;4(2):e002961. doi: 10.1136/bmjph-2025-002961

Table 2. Participant characteristics by Townsend Deprivation Score fifths.

1 (least deprived) 2 3 4 5 (most deprived)
N 186 076 (37.2%) 101 892 (20.3%) 74 496 (14.9%) 67 267 (13.4%) 71 038 (14.2%)
Women (n (%)) 101 108 (54.3) 56 117 (55.1) 41 207 (55.3) 36 865 (54.8) 37 195 (52.4)
Age (mean (SD)), years 57.2 (7.9) 56.9 (8.0) 56.2 (8.2) 55.8 (8.3) 55.2 (8.4)
Townsend Deprivation Score (median (IQI)) −4.0 (−4.6 to −3.5) −2.3 (−2.6 to −2.0) −0.8 (−1.2 to 0.3) 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) 4.2 (3.2 to 5.5)
Household income (n (%)), £/year
 ≥100 000 10 429 (6.6) 4223 (4.9) 3193 (5.0) 2857 (5.0) 2173 (3.8)
 52 000 to <100 000 40 705 (25.7) 18 478 (21.3) 12 136 (19.0) 8918 (15.6) 5800 (10.0)
 31 000 to <52 000 45 644 (28.8) 24 109 (27.8) 16 983 (26.6) 13 640 (23.9) 10 119 (17.5)
 18 000 to <31 000 39 280 (24.8) 22 891 (26.4) 16 734 (26.2) 14 741 (25.8) 14 281 (24.7)
 <18 000 22 611 (14.3) 16 978 (19.6) 14 767 (23.1) 16 979 (29.7) 25 547 (44.1)
Educational attainment (n (%))
 University/college degree 64 082 (35.0) 31 819 (31.8) 24 469 (33.4) 21 267 (32.3) 19 069 (27.8)
 Education to ≥18 years 64 662 (35.3) 34 519 (34.5) 23 584 (32.2) 19 985 (30.4) 19 472 (28.4)
 Education to ≥16 years 31 449 (17.2) 17 721 (17.7) 12 347 (16.9) 10 969 (16.7) 10 607 (15.5)
 No qualifications 23 122 (12.6) 16 022 (16.0) 12 771 (17.5) 13 596 (20.7) 19 489 (28.4)

Values are means for continuous variables adjusted for age, unless otherwise specified. Values between brackets indicate 95% CIs, unless otherwise specified.

Townsend score fifths: 1 (Townsend score <−2.938, least deprived); 2 (≥−2.938 to <−1.531); 3 (≥−1.531 to <0.170); 4 (≥0.170 to <2.448); and 5 (≥2.448, most deprived).

IQI, interquartile interval.