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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jun 24.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2025 Feb;9(2):100–111. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00330-4

Table 4.

Clinical predictors of treatment success versus death and treatment failure among children and adolescents treated for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis

Treatment success versus unfavourable outcomes (death/treatment failure)
Univariable logistic regression models Multivariable logistic regression model
Clinical predictor Crude OR (95% CI) p-value Adjusted OR (95% CI) p-value
Upper-middle or high-income country 1.94 (0.93–4.1) 0.079 - -
Age (years) 0.94 (0.93–0.95) <0.0001 0.96 (0.94–0.97) <0.0001
Male sex 0.85 (0.79–0.91) <0.0001 0.84 (0.78–0.91) <0.0001
HIV positive 0.39 (0.34–0.44) <0.0001 0.42 (0.36–0.48) <0.0001
Microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis 1.41 (1.25–1.59) <0.0001 - -
Previous tuberculosis treatment 0.44 (0.4–0.49) <0.0001 0.52 (0.46–0.58) <0.0001
Pulmonary tuberculosis 0.4 (0.26–0.6) <0.0001 0.53 (0.34–0.81) 0.0034
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 1.61 (1.24–2.11) 0.0010 - -
AFB smear positive 0.43 (0.37–0.49) <0.0001 0.46 (0.4–0.53) <0.0001
a
Performance evaluation for univariable models:
  • Predictor Income country: ROC-AUC 0.54 [95 % CI, 0.53 to 0.56]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.02/0.32
  • Predictor Age: ROC-AUC 0.58 [95 % CI, 0.57 to 0.59]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.02/0.25
  • Predictor Sex: ROC-AUC 0.55 [95 % CI, 0.54 to 0.56]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.001/0.34
  • Predictor HIV status: ROC-AUC 0.59 [95 % CI, 0.58 to 0.6]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.02/0.35
  • Predictor TB status: ROC-AUC 0.55 [95 % CI, 0.54 to 0.56]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.002/0.38
  • Predictor Any previous TB treatment: ROC-AUC 0.59 [95 % CI, 0.58 to 0.6]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.02/0.32
  • Predictor Pulmonary TB: ROC-AUC 0.54 [95 % CI, 0.536 to 0.0.55]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.004/0.37
  • Predictor Extrapulmonary TB: ROC-AUC 0.57 [95 % CI, 0.56 to 0.58]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.01/0.36
  • Predictor AFB smear status: ROC-AUC 0.63 [95 % CI, 0.62 to 0.64]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.04/0.33
b

Multivariable model adjusted for the following baseline clinical characteristics: age, sex, HIV status, history of any previous tuberculosis treatment, having pulmonary disease and AFB smear positive.

c

Performance evaluation for multivariable model: ROC-AUC 0.67 [95 % CI, 0.66 to 0.68]; Marginal R2/Conditional R2 0.1/0.35

Note: Complete case analysis results are reported in Supplementary Table S18.

AFB, acid-fast bacilli; OR, odds ratio