Table 4.

Results of the muscle co-activation index for the forward lunge following NMES intervention.

Muscle pairs	Weighted squats	Fake stimulation	Real stimulation	F-value	P-value	η²
VL-BF	0.22 ± 0.06	0.25 ± 0.07	0.92 ± 0.06bc	62.38	<0.001	0.82
GLM-BF	0.15 ± 0.06	0.18 ± 0.07	0.45 ± 0.10bc	14.56	<0.001	0.48
VM-BF	0.52 ± 0.10	0.57 ± 0.11	0.64 ± 0.05	2.88	0.062	0.18
PM-LD	0.20 ± 0.05	0.25 ± 0.06	0.37 ± 0.09	2.64	0.168	0.15
TB-BB	0.32 ± 0.10	0.37 ± 0.09	0.38 ± 0.04	2.52	0.571	0.14
DEL-LD	0.49 ± 0.10	0.46 ± 0.10	0.45 ± 0.10	0.75	0.478	0.04
ABS-TRAP	0.39 ± 0.10	0.42 ± 0.11	0.43 ± 0.11	0.68	0.513	0.04

b indicates a significant difference between weighted squats and the real stimulus; c indicates a significant difference between the sham stimulus and the real stimulus. P< 0.05 indicates a significant difference. GLM, gluteus maximus; VM, vastus medialis; VL, vastus lateralis; BF, biceps femoris; GM, medial gastrocnemius; GL, lateral gastrocnemius; ABS, rectus abdominis; LD, latissimus dorsi; TRAP, trapezius; PM, pectoralis major; DEL, deltoid; BB, biceps brachii; TB, triceps brachii; BRD, brachioradialis. Statistical significance for co-activation outcomes was interpreted after Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction across the co-activation index variables.