Table 1.

Comparative analysis of major Tick-Borne pathogens.

Pathogen	Transmission cycle	Pathogenesis	Immune evasion strategies	Control measures
Borrelia	Ixodes-borne; The host community has dual regulatory effects on transmission; Co infection.	Significant differences in tissue tropism among different genospecies.	stage-specific expression of OspA, OspB and OspC; plasmid-encoded lipoprotein genes serve as recombination hotspots.	Doxycycline; multivalent vaccines.
Rickettsia	Ixodes-borne; synergistic interactions between ticks and vertebrate hosts.	Regulate tick metabolic and immune pathways to improve transmission adaptability; Virulence effectors mediate cytoskeletal rearrangement.	Plasmid-encoded surface protein gene recombination leads to antigen variation and immune evasion;unclear molecular pathway mechanism.	vector surveillance;Ecological environment management.
Anaplasma	Studies show that the tick carriage averages 4.76%; co infections with Borrelia.	Type IV effector AteA mediates infection; modulate tick glycolysis for colonization.	Modulates tick metabolism to adapt to the vector and sustain transmission.	Weak research on metabolism and mixed infection.
Babesia	Ixodes ricinus-borne.	Pathogenicity difference of different strains.	Activates tick Toll pathway; modulates defensin expression.	Insufficient research on clinical diagnosis and treatment of mixed infection.
SFTSV	Main vector Haemaphysalis longicornis; animal/human-to-human spread.	Invades host cells via envelope glycoproteins Gn/Gc, causing coagulation disorders.	NSs suppresses innate immunity; m6A modification enhances replication.	Supportive treatment; favipiravir;neutralizing antibody.
TBEV	Tick bite; food-borne via unpasteurized milk.	Neuroinvasion via LRP8; neuronal injury; long-term sequelae.	Envelope-mediated escape; NS5 inhibits DNA repair.	Licensed vaccines; symptomatic treatment.

Data compiled from cited references.