Table 1.
Baseline characteristics comparison between the main-center (development) and sub-center (external validation) cohorts.
| Characteristics | Main center | Sub center |
|---|---|---|
| N = 433 | N = 155 | |
| Age (year) | 76.2 (6.8) | 76.8 (5.2) |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 137 (31.6%) | 51 (32.9%) |
| Male | 296 (68.4%) | 104 (67.1%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 (3.6) | 21.8 (3.1) |
| FE | ||
| No | 278 (64.2%) | 94 (60.6%) |
| Yes | 155 (35.8%) | 61 (39.4%) |
| Smoke | ||
| No | 214 (49.4%) | 75 (48.4%) |
| Yes | 219 (50.6%) | 80 (51.6%) |
| NIV | ||
| No | 173 (40.0%) | 63 (40.6%) |
| Yes | 260 (60.0%) | 92 (59.4%) |
| RF | ||
| No | 201 (46.4%) | 72 (46.5%) |
| Yes | 232 (53.6%) | 83 (53.5%) |
| Readmission | ||
| No | 344 (79.4%) | 109 (70.3%) |
| Yes | 89 (20.6%) | 46 (29.7%) |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | 292 (67.4%) | 101 (65.2%) |
| Yes | 141 (32.6%) | 54 (34.8%) |
| CVD | ||
| No | 210 (48.5%) | 81 (52.3%) |
| Yes | 223 (51.5%) | 74 (47.7%) |
| Diabetes | ||
| No | 360 (83.1%) | 127 (81.9%) |
| Yes | 73 (16.9%) | 28 (18.1%) |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 85.1 (29.2) | 87.2 (36.3) |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 52.4 (17.3) | 51.6 (14.1) |
| D (Ug/ml) | 2.7 (4.5) | 2.8 (3.2) |
| TT (s) | 18.4 (1.3) | 18.4 (1.3) |
| Hb (g/L) | 129.3 (25.3) | 128.3 (24.0) |
| APTT (s) | 36.8 (9.3) | 37.0 (10.3) |
| PTA (%) | 81.7 (25.0) | 80.6 (16.0) |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 3172.3 (5285.9) | 3237.3 (3102.5) |
| ALB (g/L) | 37.3 (4.4) | 37.2 (4.9) |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 78.7 (35.1) | 85.8 (36.6) |
| WBC (10E9/L) | 7.9 (3.6) | 8.0 (3.7) |
| RBC (10E12/L) | 4.4 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.7) |
| HCT (%) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.1) |
| RDW (%) | 14.8 (2.0) | 14.7 (1.5) |
| PLT (10E9/L) | 184.5 (82.2) | 180.4 (69.8) |
| Neutrophil (10E9/L) | 6.3 (3.4) | 6.5 (3.5) |
| MPV (fl) | 10.5 (1.6) | 10.5 (2.1) |
| Lymphocyte (10E9/L) | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.6) |
| Monocyte (10E9/L) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) |
| Eosinophils (10E9/L) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) |
| Basophil (10E9/L) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| RVEDD (mm) | 26.5 (5.1) | 27.2 (5.6) |
| RALD (mm) | 47.3 (8.4) | 47.1 (10.3) |
| MPAD (mm) | 25.3 (4.4) | 24.9 (6.2) |
| EF (%) | 61.4 (8.3) | 60.1 (10.5) |
| TRVmax (m/s) | 3.5 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.6) |
| PASP (mmHg) | 56.0 (14.4) | 58.0 (15.7) |
FE, frequent exacerbations (≥2 hospitalizations for acute exacerbations in the previous year); NIV, non-invasive ventilation; RF, Respiratory failure; CVD, Cardiovascular disease(s); D, D-dimer; TT, thrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; PTA, prothrombin activity; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; ALB, albumin; WBC, white blood cell count; RBC, red blood cell count; HCT, hematocrit; RDW, red cell distribution width; PLT, platelet count; MPV, mean platelet volume; RVEDD, right ventricular end-diastolic diameter; RALD, right atrial longitudinal diameter; MPAD, main pulmonary artery diameter; EF, ejection fraction; TRVmax, maximum tricuspid regurgitation velocity; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure.