Analysis Type	SPSS Procedure
Tests of normality	Explore procedure (Shapiro–Wilk test, Q–Q plots, histograms).
Categorical comparisons	Crosstabs → Chi-square test (Pearson), with Fisher’s exact test when expected cell counts were <5
Continuous comparisons	One-way ANOVA (for normally distributed variables); Kruskal–Wallis H test (for non-parametric distributions)
Trend analysis	Chi-square test for trend (Cochran–Armitage); Spearman’s rank correlation (Spearman’s rho)
Multivariable logistic regression	Binary logistic regression (enter method); odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported
Cox regression	Survival analysis (Cox regression); hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI); proportional hazards assumption assessed using Schoenfeld residual
ROC	ROC curve analysis; area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Multicollinearity	Linear regression; collinearity diagnostics (VIF); VIF < 5 for all included predictors